In Peru, the implementing regulation of Water Resource Law No. 29338 Article 123, orders the National Water Authority, in coordination with the environmental authority and the corresponding sector authorities, to declare water resource protection zones that prohibit, limit or restrict any type of activity that affects water quality and associated resources. The same Law (Article 129) allows the National Water Authority to declare closed areas prohibiting the execution of water development works, and regulates the granting of permits, authorizations and licenses for water use and dumping.

In Guatemala, the protected areas law, Decree No. 4-89, created the Rainforest Conservation Subsystem with the aim of ensuring a constant water supply of acceptable quality. This subsystem has allowed for the protection of ecosystems such as the tropical premontane rainforest, the tropical montane rainforest and the tropical subalpine rainforest, which cover around 36,108 (ha) of Guatemalan territory.

In the EU, nitrates are a relevant pollutant for water and wastewater services, with excess nitrates contaminating water supplies and causing public health issues, whilst improper sewage sludge disposal contributes to increased pollution in water bodies.

Council Directive 91/676/ aims to protect water quality across Europe by preventing nitrates from agricultural sources polluting ground and surface waters, and by promoting the use of good farming practices. This ‘nitrates directive’ forms an integral part of the Water Framework Directive and is one of the key instruments in protecting water from agricultural pollution.

Implementation of the nitrates directive at country level involves the identification of vulnerable water bodies, designation of nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs) and establishing associated voluntary and mandatory regulatory requirements for agricultural users within with NVZs, including minimizing nutrient loss to vulnerable water bodies from the application of sewage sludge to land by stipulating limits to nutrients that can be applied.

In the EU, Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment aims to protect the environment from the adverse effects of urban wastewater discharges and discharges from certain industrial sectors. Specifically, the directive requires the following, amongst others.

• The collection and treatment of wastewater in all agglomerations of >2000 population equivalents (p.e.).
• Secondary treatment of all discharges from agglomerations of > 2000 p.e., and more advanced treatment for agglomerations >10 000 p.e. in designated sensitive areas and their catchments.

Sensitive areas must be designated, and include the following.

• Freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters which are eutrophic or which may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken.
• Surface freshwater intended for the abstraction of drinking water which contain or is likely to contain more than 50 mg/l of nitrates.
• Areas where further treatment is necessary to comply with other council directives such as those related to fish waters, bathing waters, on shellfish waters, on the conservation of wild birds and natural habitats, etc.